Personal relationships :: essays research papers

I don’t feel that anything unites individuals more than shared scorn, with the exception of common disdain for one another. I guess that is the reason my exes I despite everything converse with one another, or, I should state, one of my exes, Rob. The other one, Andrew, and I don’t talk by any stretch of the imagination. I guess that implies we should truly loathe one another. However, the explanation we don’t talk is that it despite everything harms, and that injury runs profound, I question in the event that it will ever recuperate. The â€Å"blues† is losing somebody you love and not having enough cash to submerge yourself in drink. Thus when I had lost Andrew, Cupid sent Rob along, and he took care of for the bill. To put it plainly, I am persuaded that Andrew is coldblooded and without having any conviction or regret for his insidiousness. What's more, with respect to Rob, I am regarded to have the option to state that, indeed, he is my companion, and one of the most astonishing individuals I have ever met.      Rob was a Marine. Andrew was in the Army. Their dispositions were similarly as inverse as the parts of the military they served. Burglarize was a contemplative sort of fellow, totally substance to sit and peruse a novel or sit discreetly in a theater. He wasn’t the sort of fellow that got a kick out of the chance to be the focal point of consideration or attract the spotlight to himself. Andrew, then again, was the most extraverted individual I have ever observed. He was the life of the gathering, consistently making the rounds mingling, and cherished all the consideration than anybody would give him. Andrew was forceful, Rob was latent. Despite the fact that they were extraordinary, they were a ton the same. Which is the reason, I assume, I was pulled in to them two. The two of them had solid administration aptitudes and the capacity to consistently make me grin when I was miserable, comfort me when I cried, and interest me with their silliness when I should ha ve been 03 cheered. On my nineteenth birthday celebration, Andrew called at 12:00AM to sing â€Å"happy birthday† to me in a Frank Sinatra style, and Rob called to leave The Beatles â€Å"so they state it’s your birthday† at 2:07AM on my voice message. They each had their disparities, yet even their similitudes had their own flavor.      Physically, I would need to state that both Rob and Andrew were sufficient to make Brad Pitt and Johnny Depp bankrupt.

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Moral Dilemma Essay In scanning for an answer for the moral difficulty of creature processing plants utilizing anti-infection agents to keep creatures well, I think there is just a single arrangement; that is to quit purchasing creature items that originate from these spots. The crucial step is getting more individuals to take action accordingly. The crucial step about getting individuals to quit purchasing a specific item is that consumer’s don’t consistently know the dangers or issues related with a specific item, for this situation, meat that is spoiled with anti-microbials. At the point when customers in the United States go to the supermarket or market, we are so rushed in our lives that checking where the food originates from regularly isn't of significance. In the event that customers are to roll out an improvement, they first should be taught, and this requires some investment, so somebody needs to get the word out, and for a huge scope. I would contact significant media divisions and cause them to notice the issue. I would look at Internet sources and make online journals or posts of my own. I myself would turn into an informed shopper and quit purchasing these items. I would address clinical experts, for example, my family doctor to get some information about the potential threats of eating meat and poultry that had been taken care of anti-microbials, and I would change my eating regimen as needs be. I may even get my own hens if my city permitted that in city cutoff points, and I would propose to others that they do likewise. I would share what I know with others and decline to purchase items from creature processing plants. This is the force that I hold as a shopper, and I would use it to understand this moral difficulty.

How Electronic Surveillance Invade the Privacy of Citizens - 275 Words

How Electronic Surveillance Invade the Privacy of Citizens (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Professor:Course:Date:Electronic SurveillanceAccording to Landau, Susan (p 63), surveillance is concerned about noting peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s actions and communications for the tenacity of shielding them. Electronic surveillance includes the use of cameras or the seizure of electronically transmitted information like phone calls and internet traffic (PREIBUSCH, SREN. p 49). Agencies are progressively urbane computer systems. In the past, the surveillance activity was a function of police unit and the intelligence unit. The process of surveillance is not a threat to the freedom of individuals. Surveillance is also evaluating risk and conveying worth (SETTY, SUDHA. p 70). The process of surveillance derives its data from biometric, video data, and genetic as this information is manipulated to make profiles and hazard categories in a schmoozed, rhizomic system (Narayanan, Hariharan L., et al p 50).The internet is the universal system of unified mainframe, wireless compu ter network, and phones, and personal computers that uses the internet protocol suite to connect billions of devices the universe. The internet is used by individuals, government agencies, business people, and academicians to research on pertinent issues. The internet is a medium that carries a widespread range of resources such as mails and telephony (Tene, Omer. p 1444). In 1980, it was only used by military personnel and academicians. In the early 1990s there was a rapid development of cheap computers that led to the growth of use of the internet. Further, there was the introduction of fiber optics, HTTP and web browser (Landau, Susan. p 64).The internet supports the probability of high electronic scrutiny. Therefore, the growth of the internet has eased the work of security personnel in avoidance of risks. However, the internet is not a safe place for communication of sensitive matters. The reason for that is that there is increased surveillance by the government security agenci es through hacking of the internet to obtain personal information of the citizens. As much as the web has aided in securing the lives of the citizens, there is need to be cautious when communicating through it to avoid a breach of privacy (Harvard Law Review p 1872).Electronic Surveillance assists the public to be aware of a potential danger. However, it is still considered as a Social Problem. The reason for this is to consider the social classes in the computer codes by which data is arranged with a view of influencing and supervising people and population (PREIBUSCH, SREN.. p 50). For example, terrorist attacks are usually associated with Arab and Muslim backgrounds. They created a bad impression about Muslims that led to them being profiled at the airport or in the border barriers. Such surveillance creates division among people. There is a relation between social changes and technology. Increase surveillance through facial recognition systems in the streets, supermarkets, poli ce stations have resulted to discrimination that is harmful. Technology infringe on the privacy of individuals and their right for protection of data (Tene, Omer. p 1450).According to Narayanan, Hariharan L., et al (p 43), there are a lot of rebellious voices against web service companies that infringe on the privacy of human activities. Globally, there have been agreements for countries not to spy on each other. For example, the Five Eyes members that comprise United Kingdom, Australia, United States, New Zealand and Canada had agreed that there is no spying on each other (Landau, Susan. p 62). However, research shows that some members continue to observe each other citizens and share the data to better the process of surveillance. For instance, the United States of America have surveillance programs that allow the government to secretly survey the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s data. They do this by forcing web agencies to give clientele information. The Britain and the USA government has b een critized for engaging in mass assembly of citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s communiquÃÆ' info. Evidence of such violation includes Lavabit a tenable email service that was produced by Ladar Levison but was discontinued. The FBI had asked the service providers to give the information of Snowden after discovering that he had used the service. Unfortunately, Lavabit did not store logs and the content of the email was encrypted. The FBI on realizing this served a gang order or a command for the SSL keys of the email service provider. The keys would permit them to access communiquÃÆ' that was either encrypted or that which contained metadata content (Harvard Law Review p 1872). The keys would not only give the FBI access to Snowden but to all their customers. Levison refused to give out the keys and terminated the services that Lavabit provided. There was threat by the government on Lavabit action as it was considered a violation of the court order.On 2001, the United States was attacked by terr orists in a ruthless and violent manner that led to almost 3,000 Americans losing their lives. That prompted Congress to pass the USA Patriotic Act and Terrorist Surveillance Program. The Act expands the meaning of terrorists, harden their sentence and make it easier for the law enforcers to acquire and share piles of info. The law legally entrusted the government agencies such as the FBI to engross in electronic reconnaissance activities (PREIBUSCH, SREN. p 49). The courts are empowered through the Act to conduct electronic surveillance so that it can aid them in the investigation of normal, non-terrorism crimes such as passport fraud, drug trafficking, and passport fraud. The social problem associated with the Act is seen to curtail the freedom of human rights and enlightening the public on the government role in combating terrorism. The Act infringes on the right of human right activists to speak and even express their opinion on issues (Tene, Omer. p 1470). Those who offer disse nting views are seen to sympathize with the terrorists and may face jail and torture. The social problem also arises when the public is enlightened that the government has a role on the terrorism quagmire.According to Narayanan, Hariharan L., et al (p 78), the evidence of the social problem is the rise of the Electronic Frontier Movement which is a social movement. The movement opposed the Act by choosing freedom over patriotism. The USA Patriotic Act gives the law enforcers the right to use electronic surveillance. However, the social movement is against the extortions of civil liberties, democratic culture of the United State of America and privacy issues. Thus, the Patriotic Act threatens the fundamental rights of millions of American people.According to Harvard Law Review (p 1871), Edward Snowden is a professional computer geek who was formerly attached to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He was charged due to stealing of government property and revealing of national defen se information without authorization to unauthorized personnel. Snowden also revealed the intelligence information to European government. He managed to seek asylum in Moscow, Russia at unrevealed location. In 2009, Snowden worked for NSA and provided advice to military officers about the best way to defend themselves from Chinese hackers (SETTY, SUDHA. p 76). He used to download documents that outlined the electronic surveillance and spying program of the government. Snowden job is described as discovering novel ways of invading the internet and telephone traffic globally. His breakout was after he resigned from Del and took a pay cut to work at Booz Allen. His major task was to gather information and then release details of the NSAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s universal reconnaissance activities.The Snowden event revealed presence of PRISM that exposed the government for having a hand in electronic reconnaissance. PRISM is an undercover reconnaissance program under which NSA gather internet commun ications for more than eight major internet companies in the US (Tene, Omer. p 1446). The program stores internet communiquÃÆ' based on request made to internet companies like the Google Inc. The existence of the program was oozed by Snowden six years ago. In his leaked information, he asserted that the extent of data collection was both criminal and dangerous and its impact was greater than what was on the public domain.The event made the public realize that there was a transgression of their personal privacy posing a gr...

Wedding Rehearsal Dinner Toast Quotes Page

It is the night before the important day. Rehearsal dinners are less formal than the actual wedding dinner. But often, close family members and friends make rehearsal dinner toasts to the bride and groom. With an appropriate choice of words, good rehearsal dinner toasts can set the right mood for the big day. Here are some quotes about love and marriage to sprinkle around your rehearsal dinner toasts. Love and Marriage Quotes Amy Tan:I am like a falling star who has finally found her place next to another in a lovely constellation, where we will sparkle in the heavens forever. Don Byas:You call it madness, but I call it love. Ralph Block:Youre nothing short of my everything. Robert Browning:Grow old with me! The best is yet to be. Margot Asquith:She tells enough white lies to ice a wedding cake. Roy Croft:I love youNot for what you areBut for what I am when I am with you. William Butler Yeats:I have spread my dreams under your feetTread softly because you tread on my dreams. From The Notebook:The best love is the kind that awakens the soul and makes us reach for more, that plants a fire in our hearts and brings peace to our minds, and thats what youve given me. Thats what I hope to give to you forever. Kahlil Gibran:Marriage is like a golden ring in a chain, whose beginning is a glance and whose ending is eternity. Sophocles:One word frees us of all the weight and pain of life: That word is love. Cole Porter:Night and day you are the one,Only you beneath the moon and under the sun. Plato:At the touch of love, everyone becomes a poet. Plautus:Let us celebrate the occasion with wine and sweet words. Arthur Rubinstein:It took great courage to ask a beautiful young woman to marry me. Believe me, it is easier to play the whole Petrushka on the piano. Homer:There is nothing nobler or more admirable than when two people who see eye to eye keep house as man and wife, confounding their enemies and delighting their friends. Erma Bombeck:People shop for a bathing suit with more care than they do a husband or wife. The rules are the same. Look for something youll feel comfortable wearing. Allow for room to grow. Gwendolyn Brooks:We are each others harvest; we are each others business; we are each others magnitude and bond. Marc Chagall:In our life there is a single color, as on an artists palette, which provides the meaning of life and art. It is the color of love. Langston Hughes:When people care for you and cry for you, they can straighten out your soul. Ogden Nash:To keep your marriage brimming, with love in the wedding cup, whenever you’re wrong, admit it; whenever you’re right, shut up. Ronald Reagan:The man who puts into the marriage only half of what he owns will get that out. Ruth Bell Graham:A good marriage is the union of two good forgivers. I Corinthians 13:13:There are three things that last: faith, hope, and love, and the greatest of these is love. Maryon Pearson:Behind every great man, there is a surprised woman. Walter Rauschenbusch:We never live so intensely as when we love strongly. We never realize ourselves so vividly as when we are in full glow of love for others. Lao Tzu:To love someone deeply gives you strength. Being loved by someone deeply gives you courage. Antoine de Saint-Exupà ©ry:Love does not consist in gazing at each other, but in looking outward together in the same direction. Oscar Wilde:Bigamy is having one wife too many. Monogamy is the same. John Keating, from Dead Poets Society:We dont read and write poetry because its cute. We read and write poetry because we are members of the human race. And the human race is filled with passion. And medicine, law, business, engineering, these are noble pursuits and necessary to sustain life. But poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for. Beverly Nichols:Marriage—a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and the remaining chapters written in prose. Douglas Jerrold:In all of the wedding cake, hope is the sweetest of plums. From City of Angels:I would rather have had one breath of her hair, one kiss from her mouth, one touch of her hand, than eternity without it.

Essay on Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world has always been that they presuppose faith; that is one cannot be reasoned into believing in a religion, if such was not the case then we would have seen a huge migration to one religion or another. In any given religion, the main proof of God’s†¦show more content†¦That is to say that an idea cannot originate without a cause. The ideas can be less perfect than their cause, but they cannot be more perfect. He also explains that those ideas in us that apparently do not have formal reality, such as a mermaid, are merely combinations of other formal realities- in this case a woman and a mermaid -- and thus do not invalidate the rule. Descartes also explains the difference between being an idea and being merely an opposite of an idea. He uses heat and cold as his example; whereas heat is an idea, cold is simply non-existence of heat. That is a very important idea that he uses in his argument to exclude a potential critique of his argument. Descartes, after establishing his rules, explains that he knows that he is not perfect. He knows that because he doubts, and he can clearly see that knowing is more perfect than doubting. From that he determines that within him lies this idea of a perfect being, and that he is unable to come to such an idea by himself. Descartes concludes that such an idea must have a formal reality, a cause. This cause, he explains, could not have originated from a less perfect reality or being, since he has already established that ideas can be less perfect than their cause but never more perfect. He then determines that this idea could not have been composed of several ideas or causesShow MoreRelatedDescartes Proof Of The Existence Of God1609 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ideas upon which Descartes’s proof of the existence of God rests is that rational minds face constraints. While God is the absolute infinite, humans and other beings exist with limitations on their actio ns. One of these limitations is human intellect, which Descartes names as one component of the cause of our tendency toward error as humans. The finite nature of human intellect, he argues, combines with an infinite will which causes us to seek an understanding of phenomenaRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay3414 Words   |  14 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Many readers follow Descartes with fascination and pleasure as he descends into the pit of skepticism in the first two Meditations, defeats the skeptics by finding the a version of the cogito, his nature, and that of bodies, only to find them selves baffled and repulsed when they come to his proof for the existence of God in Meditation III. In large measure this change of attitude results from a number of factors. One is that the proof is complicatedRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example1562 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions inRead MoreDescartes First Proof of The Existence of God Essays1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes believed that God exists. His proof of an all perfect being’s existence was explained by having an idea of God that had to have been caused by God. But simply having an idea of God is not enough for there to necessarily exist such a being. This paper will critically examine Descartes’s causal argument though its premises and conclusion. Descartes makes an attempt to prove God’s existence throughout his third meditation. In his first premise he statesRead MoreComparing Socrates And Descartes On The Proof Of Existence Of God1759 Words   |  8 PagesComparison between Socrates and Descartes on the proof of existence of God. Socrates is who established ancient philosophy with Plato and Aristotle. His philosophy effects Western system of philosophy. He was born BC 470 in Athens and his father was a sculptor and his mother was midwife. He focuses teaching other people that philosophical argument in his life. He doesn’t want material for teaching because he doesn’t have material greed. His goals are verifying the oracle, question our belief, andRead MoreDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three This paper is intended to explain and evaluate Descartes proof for the existence of god in Meditation Three. It shall show the weaknesses in the proof, but also give credit to the strengths in his proof. It will give a background of what Descartes has already accepted as what he truly knows. The paper will also state Descartes two major points for the existence of God and why the points can easily be proven false. The paper willRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that th e existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essayRead MoreDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Instructions: First: Analyze and evaluate the two proofs of Gods existence. How are they different? Is one more convincing than the other? Why did Descartes think he needed two proofs? Do they do different work for him? And secondly: Does Descartes give a satisfactory account of human error, given a perfect and divine creator? Are Descartes arguments convincing, or does it still seem unnecessary and less than perfect that God created us with

Database Development Process Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Define concern proceduresMany database development attempts begin by specifying the key concern and/or operational procedures within the organisationDevelopers first create high-ranking theoretical accounts demoing the major activity stairss associated with selling. gross revenues. production. human resource direction. public dealingss. research and development. and so on Taken together. these procedure maps stand for an enterprise-wide theoretical account of the organisation and its nucleus 2. Determine range of database development attempt The following measure in the database development attempt is to choose one procedure or a set of related procedures for farther analysis and betterment 3. Specify the information demands Once a concern procedure ( or set of procedures ) has been selected. the following measure is to specify the information demands of users involved in or affected by the concern procedure. 4. Develop conceptual design A basic apprehension of these demands is used to make a conceptual design for the databaseAt this phase. a conceptual information theoretical account is created that illustrates relationships between information beginnings. users. and concern procedure stairss 5. Develop logical informations theoretical account The conceptual information theoretical account is used to develop a logical information theoretical account based on one of the primary DBMS types: relational. hierarchal. web. or object-oriented attacks. 6. Develop physical design With the logical informations theoretical account in manus. developers move to the physical design. which involves finding the specific storage and entree methods and structures 7. Create and trial databaseOnce this measure is complete. developers can travel in front and make the database utilizing whatever DBMS has been selectedSmall sums of informations can be entered into the database for proving intents This is besides the clip to get down developing sample screens and studies to find if the database design will run into the predefined demandsIt is much easier to revise and alter the database during this proving stage. before all of the informations have been enteredThe term prototyping refers to the iterative procedure used to seek different study formats and input screens to find their suitableness and effectiveness Information Systems Architecture ( ISA ) ?Conceptual design for organization’s desired information systems construction ?Consists of:?Data – represented as some type of entity relationship diagram ?Processes – manipulate informations ; represented by informations flow diagrams ?Data Network – transports the information ; frequently shown as conventional webs links ?People – key beginnings and receiving systems of informations and information ?Events and Points in Time – when procedures are performed ; frequently shown as province passage diagrams ?Reasons ( Rules ) for events that govern the processing of informations ; listed in policy and process manuals Information Systems Architecture ( ISA ) ?Information Engineering?A data-oriented methodological analysis to make and keep information systems ?Top-down planning: a generic IS be aftering methodological analysis for obtaining a wide apprehension of the IS needed by the full organisation ?Four stairss to Top-down planning: ?Planning?Analysis?Design?Implementation?Information Engineering Methodology?Planning?top direction ends and critical success factors?how engineering can be used to make new chances or competitory advantages ?A high degree overview is created of the endeavor. its maps. informations. and information demands ?Analysis?what procedures are needed to run a selected concern country ?how these procedures interrelate. and what information is needed ?Design?How selected procedures in the concern country are implemented in processs and how these processs work. ?Direct terminal user engagement is needed in the design of processs ?Implementation?Implementation of the processs utilizing. where practical. codification generators. 4th coevals linguistic communications. and stop user tools ?Desire is link to building by agencies of prototyping ?Strategic Information Systems PlanningThe procedure of placing a portfolio of computer-based applications to be implemented. which is both extremely aligned with corporate scheme and has the ability to make an advantage over rivals ( Doherty et al. . 1999 ) Strategic Information Systems Planning Comprehensiveness –â€Å"the extent to which an organisation efforts to be thorough or inclusive in doing and incorporating strategic decisions† Formalization – â€Å"the being of constructions. techniques. written processs. and policies that guide the planning process† Focus – â€Å"the balance between creativeness and control orientations inherent within the strategic planning system† Top-down flow – SISP should be initiated by top directors. with the assistance of support staff Broad engagement – even though the planning flow is top-down. engagement must affect multiple functional countries and. as necessary. cardinal stakeholders at lower degrees of the organisation High consistence – SISP should be characterized by frequent meetings and reappraisals of the overall scheme The Role of a Depository Repository is a topographic point where things are deposited or stored.In DBMS. a depository is consists of database tabular arraies that store metadata which by default consists of 247 objects ( 183 tabular arraies and 64 positions ) . It saves the function information and notations. In Microsoft ® SQL Serverâ„ ¢ 2000. there is a Repository Component. and this Repository Component has a Repository Engine. a service that provides basic maps for hive awaying and recovering objects and keeping the relationships among them. a Repository API. a programming interface that is used to drive the depository engine from within application codification. and a Repository Database that shops physical informations. Such informations includes repository type libraries that contain type information or object case informations. and tabular arraies used to map or otherwise manage object relationships. Pitfalls of Strategic IS Planing Strategic information systems planning ( SISP ) is the procedure whereby an organisation establishes a long-range program of computer-based applications in order to accomplish its ends. A figure of jobs can potentially hinder information systems contrivers as they carry out the procedure. The current survey uses a study of 80 IS contrivers to look into a causal relationship among the jobs. It reveals a insouciant theoretical account describing: ( 1 ) The influence of organisation jobs on hardware. cost. and database jobs. and ( 2 ) The influence of organisation. hardware. cost. and database jobs on execution jobs. where in cost jobs had the largest direct consequence on execution jobs.

The Conception That Lesbians And Gay Men May Be Parents Is Frequently

The conception that lesbians and gay men may be parents is frequently perceived in today's society as impossible or immoral. Gay men and lesbians are often viewed as excluded from having children because sexual reproduction is related to men and women only. My approach to this uniquely controversial topic of gay parenting will be that of attempting to analyze the Pro side first. Gays and lesbians are human too and who is to say that they don't deserve equal rights in society. Society has to realize that the modern family has developed into many different forms in recent years in that the "nuclear family" is not necessarily the most common form anymore. Then I will attempt to analyze the Con side which expresses the fact that two people of the same sex should not be raising and rearing children together. Many believe that if the couple is unable to produce children together, then they shouldn't be raising them as parents. Children need a balance in their lives and different sexed parents can provide that balance efficiently. Each parent (mom or dad) socializes the child differently and the child needs to be introduced to both worlds. I will then proceed to critique both sides on strengths and weaknesses, based on facts, studies, and my own opinion, and then draw some of my own conclusions on this controversial topic of Gay Parenting. Pro Position There is no valid reason for refusing to call lesbian and gay headed household families. They fall under every conceivable criterion for identifying families and the concept of a Family. "They are groups of coresident kin providing jointly through income-pooling for eachothers need of food and shelter. They socialize children, engage in emotional and physical support, and make up part of a larger kin network". (O' Brien and Weir, 128). There are also many homophobic ( the irrational fear or hatred of homosexuality or gay people, Biery 88) individuals in today's society who are the main cause of negative stereotypes against lesbians and gay parents. These negative stereotypes all prove to be untrue and irrational, revealing that gay and lesbian parents could be equally as fit to straight parents. The accusation that majority of gay men are child molesters has been rejected in that the overwhelming majority of child sexual abusers area heterosexual men, who abuse both boys and girls. The fear that children of lesbian and gay parents will become lesbian or gay is irrational in that studies show that the sexual orientation of the parents has no effect whatsoever on sexual orientation of youths. The concern that the children of gay and lesbian headed families will not develop so called appropriate gender identity or gender behaviour has been introduced. This was proved incorrect in that when comparing children of gay parents to children of straight parents, there was no significant difference in these two areas. The last stereotype involving the fear that emotional damage will effect the child due to coping with the issue of having lesbian or gay parents. Once again this was proved to be false and the general psychological well being of children in gay and lesbian households matches that of children of heterosexual parent households. (O' Brien and Weir, 129). These common stereotypes heard frequently in today's society have all been proved incorrect and ignorant. Therefore they illustrate that gay and lesbian parents are continually stereotyped against unfairly and unjustly. Lesbians and gay men are popularly and commonly thought of by society to have a negative influence on children. This places an enormous strain and great pressure on lesbian and gay headed families, which is totally unnecessary. "When we assume male-headed nuclear families to be central units of kinship, and all alternative patterns to be extensions or exceptions, we accept as aspect of cultural hegemony instead of studying it. In the process, we miss the contested domain in which symbolic innovation may occur. Even continuity may be the result of innovation". (Weston, 145). This is a very powerful statement in that it reinforces the argument that lesbian and gay families are overlooked in society as even being a family unit. Society must come to realize that every family, not just gay headed families, experience problems in their homes. An article which depicts some

What are the aims of academic essays

What are the aims of academic essays The high number of academic studies aims have differences in meaning and priorities to each student. Accordingly the way to achieve personal aims is from student to student different. This essey will discuss important aims of academic studies. Firstly the assey will consider the aim of theories and certain known facts. Further the factor of skills improvement for a suitable job will be examined. The second paragraph will consider some conditions who are most important to achieve these aims. Especialy the motivational aspect of enjoying learning will be argued. To discover more about theories and certain known facts with the view of the futur profession is one of the most important aims of academic studies. The knowledge about theories and facts in your subject is the basis to become a professional. To understand what famous poeple thought about parts of your subject is important for your point of view. The university is the best place to improve the most important skills for your carrier. Here are all development potentialities that you need. To learn the skills for your future profession means micro and macro skills. Example: A medical doctor needs to know detailles facts about every tiny bone but he also need the knowledge of patients behaviour. Another fact is, that the value of intellectuell development is highest on the university. That means that the society in the university improves the climate of learning. To enjoy learning is the best motivation to achieve academic aims. Interest and abilitys are the basis of motivation. These are the initial requirements for academic success wich supports motivation too. Another eligibility criteria is to have realistic aims. Students who choose for example to much courses, could be frustrated after a view weeks, if they dont manage it. In conclusion it can be said that the varius aims of academic studie should be to prepair for a seccessfull carrier with all ski...

Analyse the portrayal of the character of Mercutio as the vehicle of Shakespeare's tragic outcome in the play 'Romeo and Juliet'

Analyse the portrayal of the character of Mercutio as the vehicle of Shakespeares tragic outcome in the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Of all of Shakespeares tragedies Romeo and Juliet is perhaps the best known one, Shakespeare based much of his play on the reality of his time by managing to encompass much of his context in the play. This was the Elizabethan era, In the Elizabethan era it was very different in the way we live our lives today. In how there were different class structures and people were treated differently and judged differently depending on which class they fell in. There was religious and politic conflict. The religious conflict was where the hate between Christians, there were two main factions of the Christian, Protestants and The Catholics, Queen Elizabeth the 1st was the head of the Church of England (which the protestants followed) and anyone found out to be a Catholic or practising the Catholic faith would have to change to The Church of England. Mercutio is Romeos best friend. Mercutio is first introduced to us in Act 1, Scene 4. It is the scene preceding the ball. At this point, the audience are aware of Romeos feelings for Rosaline, there Mercutios point view is easy to understand. In speaking to his friend, Mercutio reveals a wit and a strong sense of confidence in himself. He acts the part of Romeos advisor, implying that Mercutio is somewhat older; more level headed than Romeo and has superior intelligence. He also prompts Romeo to stop being a wimp as such and to be more confident and pro-active rather than passive and to wallow in himself and his adolescent thoughts and fantasies. By telling Romeo that, you are a lover, borrow Cupids wings and soar with them above a common bound. (Act 1, scene 4, line 15.) Mercutio encourages, but not enforcing his opinion on Romeo, just to teach him to be the master of his own destiny and not let fate decide a path for you and to do nothing about it. Mercutio wishes for Romeo to take control and aspire something more special than a common relationship. The theme of fate and destiny can be linked to Romeo and Juliets love for one another because they believe fate brought them together and it was their destiny to be together, but because of their families differences their fate was chosen for them before they even met. The whole aura circulating the Queen Mab is a warning to Romeo. When Romeo says I dreamt a dream tonight and Mercutio replying with And so did I Romeo asks Well what was yours? and Mercutio finishes Romeos question by saying that dreamers often lie. (Act 1, Scene 4). Mercutio is warning Romeo that dreams are of nothing and should be thought of as nothing. This theme of dreams runs/flows throughout the whole play. Mercutio is implicit and bluntly a fundamentalist which goes back to the Puritans of the time. In spite of this, Romeo continues to ponder, question and dabble in love, lust and fickle fantasies. Mercutio has a large impact on the people around him, for example Romeo, Benvolio, etc. He is a leader and wins his way over by being a joker and gets his point across by jokes, Romeo and Benvolios ways of showing that they agree is through their response, usually in laughter. Mercutio has to use Jokes because that is the only way his friends will understand, Mercutio is far too int elligent and most of the time the likes of Romeo and Benvolio do not understand what he is trying to illustrate. READ: The relationship between Juliet and the nurse is a better example of the mother-daughter relationship than that of Juliet and Lady Capulet EssayIn the Queen Mab speech (Act 1, scene 4) Mercutio leads into warning Romeo that Dreams are fantasies which are neither realistic nor real. Queen Mab is the Celtic Queen of Dreams, Mercutio describes who she is and what she is about, the way he does this is how unrealistic she is when he says such things like her chariot it an empty hazel-nut. Mercutio then goes on trying to show Romeo what Queen Mab and dreams can bring about, which are unlikely dreams in unrealistic, impossible situations. Mercutio sarcastically mocks Romeos dreams because he sees Romeo as immature and wants Romeo to learn from Mercutios experiences and mistakes. By Romeo saying thou talkst of nothing Shakespeare reveals Romeos lack of understanding and immaturity, and when replying to Romeo True, I talk of dreams, again Mercutio will not let it go that he knows what is true here that Romeos dreams are of nothingness. Mercutio is upset that Romeo has not listened to a word that he said to him, Mercutio originally thinks that he must have gone home, listened to him a gotten over his infatuation, not only would this satisfy Mercutios ego as the dominant male of the group, but it would have helped his best friend. Mercutio asks Benvolio what has Romeo drifted to, Benvolio tells Mercutio that he climbed over the Capulet wall. Mercutio is disappointed with him disappearing. Mercutio is elder, more experienced and is a brother figure, so he is disappointed with Romeo still keeping secrets, hiding and that he still has not got over his childish dreams and blind fantasies, but here is a use of a dramatic device where the audience know something that a character does not, this adds a hint of excitement and for the more intelligent ones of the audience a perspective or a look in at something bad that may happen. In the fight scene (Act 3, Scene 4) Benvolios statement I pray thee, good Mercutio, lets retire. The day is hot, the Capels are abroad and if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl, for now these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. (Act 3, Scene 1, Line 2-5) this Implies whenever the Capulets and the Montagues meet they cannot escape a fight and how Benvoilo (the peace keeper) is begging Mercutio and desperate not to fight he is tired of the on going feud, we can empathise with him because what he asks of Mercutio is ignored with a sarcastic comment, once again the Montagues and Mercutios are slaves to war. This is the final time we see Mercutio. Mercutio was aware that Tybalt was ready for a fight this did not bother Mercutio in the slightest. Tybalt wants to fight with Romeo, but Mercutio is willing to replace him and risk his own life for Romeo because without a doubt Mercutio believes Romeo shall lose. Mercutio is confident and ready so he fights. Tybalt does not know (like everyone else) the reason Romeo will not fight is because he sees Tybalt as a family member now, I think this is an example of collapsed stereotype because they hated each other (Tybalt and Romeo) and now Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt because he sees him as not an enemy anymore. In the fight Mercutio is injured by Tybalt and claims it to be just a scratch as usual Mercutio plays the jester character and lives up to protecting his friends, because they neither see nor feel Mercutios pain so Mercutio thinks what they dont know cannot hurt them. Mercutio implies he will be dead the next day in his line look for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man (Act 3, Scene 1, line 99). With Mercutios dying breath he calls a plague on both you houses he does this three times, in the Elizabethan Era a word spoken on a mans dying breath was to become true, (like fate/destiny) he says this three times another superstition in those times. He wanted the feud to end but he had to die in the middle of it even though he was not a member to either houses. Romeo felt guilty and responsible in a way for Mercutios death for not fighting Tybalt and feels he must avenge his friend if he wants to be worthy as a man, to himself and not a coward as we have seen before. It is extrem ely ironic that The Prince a relative of Mercutio warned them of might happen and that Mercutio had to die to make it clear to them. READ: Thesis Statement For Romeo And Juliet EssayIn Conclusion to the question Analyse the portrayal of the character of Mercutio as the vehicle of Shakespeares tragic outcome in the play Romeo and Juliet . The audience always sees Mercutio at key scenes in the play, like an implication that he fuels the key scenes and sets them off. We see him at the ball when Romeo forgets about Rosaline and finds Juliet. He arrives just before the nurse arranges the marriage like he was there to show that the wedding should not happen like a fairy god-mother to Romeo to help him out in his situations of need and to give Romeo the hints which are like subliminal signs hidden throughout the play. The final time he is seen is at the fight scene where he is killed and calls the curse which creeps through the play right to the end where both Romeo and Juliet Commit suicide. The foolishness, pure stupidity and simple ignorance of the two houses leads to the death of a person who was neutral to the feud , did not agree with it and got caught up in the middle of it. The Prince banished Romeo which was a more like a punishment for Mercutios death rather than Tybalts which put more guilt on Romeo and because Romeo and Juliet were apart they needed to create a plan, the plan failed which lead to both their deaths. Mercutio was the vehicle for the tragic outcome of the play. He influenced and impacted on key events by ironically appearing before key moments. He contributed to helping the play move by enforcing and encouraging Romeo to go to the ball where he inevitably met Juliet. If Mercutio was not in the play there would be no story because he drove the play to where it needed to be and where it went, ended up, but when he had gone this lead to Romeo and Juliets deaths. Mercutio was one of the Main Characters if not Romeo and Juliet. He entertained the audience with his intelligent wit and sarcastic humour, Shakespeare uses him as the vehicle to show how someone innocent can die over a petty and meaningless feud.

Epidemiologic Analysis and Preventable Disease Essay

Epidemiologic Analysis and Preventable Disease - Essay Example One of such disease is heart disease. Heart disease is already an epidemic and threatens to become pandemic if not proactively prevented. It is not a communicable disease, but yet it is one which threatens a huge portion of the population. The purpose of this discussion is to approach the issue of heart disease from an epidemiological standpoint in order to analyze how data relating to the topic may be used in a healthcare setting with regards to decision making concerning limited healthcare resources. When saying that heart diseases is not communicable, it is meant that it is not like a bacterial or viral infection which is transferred from host to host or in an airborne manner. It is however, a disease which is more likely to occur in those who have a genetic predisposition for it. This does not necessarily mean that an individual with a family history of heart disease which actually get it. In fact, preventing heart disease is most important among those who have a family history of it. Some individuals may have more than one family member who has suffered form CHD, which elevates that individual’s CDH risk factor along with the ages of onset within the person’s family. By looking at a few different factors regarding patient history and lifestyle, physicians may establish a personal score for that individual which represents their likelihood of contracting CHD. The benefit that we have over CHD is that it is manageable and predictable (Supino et al, 2002, p.130). Heart disease can be prevented by following the guidelines of a healthy lifestyle which are balanced between diet and exercise as well as avoiding alcohol and tobacco. The chances of acquiring heart disease, are associated with overeating or high fat, high cholesterol diets. Those who live a sedentary lifestyle are also at a higher risk for heart disease. Stress or the improper handling of stress is also linked to heart disease. Certainly, lowering

Intellectual Property and Copyright Laws in Australia Essay

Intellectual Property and Copyright Laws in Australia - Essay Example Through the use of the copyright laws, the artists, songwriters, and music recording companies will be challenged to produce and create their own unique and artistic musical piece (Golvan 7). The copyright laws can be used to protect not only the creators of artistic designs but also those individuals who create their own music, sound recordings, dramatic films, and broadcast signals. Under the Australian copyright law, â€Å"the copyright term in Australia has been increased from 50 to 70 years from the life of the author† (Golvan 7; Remix'd). It means that the writer of songs who was granted a copyright for their masterpiece is protected by the copyright laws for up to 70 years after his or her death. With regards to the essence of intellectual and copyright laws in Australia, this study will focus on discussing why the remix culture can be read as a sustained critique of the intellectual property and copyright laws. To prove that the reproduction of remix songs can indirect ly violate the intellectual and copyright laws in Australia, several real-life examples will be provided in this paper. Literature Review Song remix is all about changing the form of an existing song by either enhancing the tone or the beat as a way of coming up with a more interesting sound and musical structure (James 24). By using the DJs special skills on basic scratches in order to match the beat, James explained that the DJs can easily alter the come up with an entirely new sound creation based on the original songs (25). Even though song remixed could offer an entirely new sound and beat, people who listen to remixed songs will always be able to determine and identify the origin of remixed songs. According to Martin, â€Å"the copyright laws in Australia and overseas – are not keeping up with the digital era and are stifling creativity† (Martin para 5). The problem with the remix culture is that DJs are using some form of digital gadgets (i.e. CD players, pitch control keys, etc.) in order to create an alternative music using songs that are already been protected by the copyright laws (James 24 – 25). For example, Martin mentioned that a couple of DJs based in San Francisco and Perth gathered in one occasion wherein these two DJs performed a remix using famous songs from Eminem and Aerosmith (Martin). Since the public viewers are patronizing remix songs, Martin pointed out that a lawyer in the Queensland University of Technology mentioned that a lot of amateur DJs are now demanding to have the right to produce remix songs whereby they should be given the title and protection for their role as a remix producer. Because of the absence of a more precise and clear legislation with regards to the practice of modifying existing songs through remixes, a lot of amateur DJs are technically guilty of copyright infringement yet these people are insisting that the remix culture is part of innovating new songs Derived from the copyright laws in UK, the Copyright Act 1968 in Australia clearly explained in section 31 that it is illegal to reproduce or disseminate all â€Å"literary, artistic, dramatic, musical work, sound recordings, cinematograph films, television, and sound broadcast† materials that are protected by the copyright laws and that the copyright owners of songs demand acknowledgement of their authorship from their musical masterpiece.

Autism in Children :: detection, intervention, education

All children deserve to have an equal chance to learn and perform in any number of categories. The only problem is that not every child can function correctly for various reasons. The condition that I am covering is autism. Autism is a difficult symptom to correct because it is a brain disorder that takes time and much work with doctors and teachers. I wanted to learn more on this disorder because I have a family member that have this condition. Autism affects communication skills, social skills, creativity skills, and learning skills. The ways to help correct these symptoms would be early detection, early intervention, and how to educate children with autism. Every parent wants to know what causes autism for their child. The only problem is that no one knows what causes autism. There are many signs and different theories, but no answers to what causes autism. Many different methods have been conducted to see the cause of autism. Methods like brain research, genetics, and neurochemistry have not solved this dilemma. The causes of autism have not been solved, and might never be discovered. Parents want to know if their child can be cured and be able to live a normal life. The answer to that is no and yes. There is no cure for autism, but with the proper treatment and education, a child can grow and live a very normal life. There are many cases of people with autism living a normal based life, even though they still have autism. Autism is a life long condition that can not be cured, but people can still live normal lives. One person in particular (Peter) interested me as he lives a very normal life and is an inspiration to not only autistic people, but to everyone, Today, things are much easier for me. I go to Inver Hills Community College, where I?m working for my associate of arts degree. I am very hopeful about my future. I?ve taken some very difficult classes in geography, but I have passed all of them with a fairly decent grade?This past October, I gave a talk in front of nearly three hundred people up in the Twin Cities about my autism?I talked about what autism felt like for me, and I told some funny stories?On the whole, this talk was a very big success for me. My talk brought tears to the eyes of many.

Cost Control and Cost Reduction

PRINCIPLES OF COST CONTROL 1. 1 Introduction Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs. Absolute cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action – the action not taken – is often called the â€Å"opportunity cost†. The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost.However, the forest engineer, the planner, the manager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost – the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such comparisons require the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs. Cost data are, of course, essential to the technique of cost prediction. However, the form in which much cost data are recorded limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only.This limitation of accurate cost prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from month to month or year to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations are the exception rather than the rule. Unless the cost data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values, they are of little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost data is that of identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost. . 2 Basic Classification of Costs Costs are divided into two types: variable costs, and fixed costs. Variable costs vary per unit of production. For example, they may be the cost per cubic meter of wood yarded, per cubic meter of dirt excavated, etc. Fixed costs, on the other hand, are incurred only once and as additional units of production are produced, the unit costs fall. Examples of fixed costs would be equipment move-in costs and road access costs. 1. 3 Total Cost and Unit-Cost Formulas As harvesting operations become more complicated and involve both fixed and ariable costs, there usually is more than one way to accomplish a given task. It may be possible to change the quantity of one or both types of cost, and thus to arrive at a minimum total cost. Mathematically, the relationship existing between volume of production and costs can be expressed by the following equations: Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost ? output In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these simple formulas are C = F + NV UC = F/N + V 1. Breakeven Analysis A breakeven analysis determines the point at which one method becomes superior to another method of accomplishing some task or objective. Breakeven analysis is a common and important part of cost cont rol. One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that involves a limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by bulldozer. If the manual method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent.Payment would be done on a daily basis and would call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the time required and multiplying this time by the average wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a piece-work basis. Alternatively, this work could be done by a bulldozer which would have to be moved in from another site. Let us assume that the cost of the hand labor would be $0. 60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would cost $0. 40 per cubic meter and would require $100 to move in from another site.The move-in cost for the bulldozer is a fixed cost, and is independent of the quantity of the earthwork handled. If the bulldo zer is used, no economy will result unless the amount of earthwork is sufficient to carry the fixed cost plus the direct cost of the bulldozer operation. Figure 1. 1 Breakeven Example for Excavation. If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis, we can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable ost per unit output is constant, then the total cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable cost multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one of which has a higher variable cost, but lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the total cost lines will intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is known as the â€Å"breakeven† point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other.Referring to Figure 1. 1 the breakeven point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at 500 cubic meters. We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F' + NV' where F and V are the fixed and variable costs for the manual method, and F' and V' are the corresponding values for the bulldozer method. Since all values are known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F' – F) / (V – V') 1. 5 Minimum Cost Analyses A similar, but different problem is the determination of the point of minimum total cost.Instead of balancing two methods with different fixed and variable costs, the aim is to bring the sum of two costs to a minimum. We will assume a clearing crew of 20 men is clearing road right-of-way and the following facts are available: 1. Men are paid at the rate of $0. 40 per hour. 2. Time is measured from the time of leaving camp to the time of return. 3. Total walking time per man is increasing at the rate of 15 minutes per day. 4. The cost to move the camp is $50. If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day.If the camp is not moved, on the second day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2. 00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30 minutes, the fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are equal? We could derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this problem a number of times, but for demonstration purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost. The average total camp cost is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of moving camp.If we moved camp each day, then average daily cost of walking time would be zero and the cost of moving camp would be $50. 00. If we moved the camp every other day, the cost of walking time is $2. 00 lost the second day, or an average of $1. 00 per day. The average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25. 00. The average total camp cost is then $26. 00. If we continued this process for various numbers of days the camp remains in location, we would obtain the results in Table 1. 1. TABLE 1. 1 Average daily total camp cost as the sum of the cost of walking time plus the cost of moving camp.Days camp remained in location| Average daily cost of walking time| Average daily cost of moving camp| Average total camp cost| 1| 0. 00| 50. 00| 50. 00| 2| 1. 00| 25. 00| 26. 00| 3| 2. 00| 16. 67| 18. 67| 4| 3. 00| 12. 50| 15. 50| 5| 4. 00| 10. 00| 14. 00| 6| 5. 00| 8. 33| 13. 33| 7| 6. 00| 7. 14| 13. 14| 8| 7. 00| 6. 25| 13. 25| 9| 8. 00| 5. 56| 13. 56| 10| 9. 00| 5. 00| 14. 00| We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as the number of days the camp remains in one location increases.The minimum cost is obta ined for leaving the camp in location 7 days (Figure 1. 2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are rarely equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum cost point. In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which may be difficult to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we discuss balancing road costs against skidding costs.Sometimes roads are spaced more closely together than that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if excess road construction capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding production because of poor weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther apart to reduce environmental impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total cost is often small over a wide range o f road spacings. Figure 1. 2 Costs for Camp Location Example.

Animal Rights What is Wrong with Factory Farming